Combinations for the treatment of neuroblastoma

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are methods of treating neuroblastoma in a cancer patient by administration of a Trk inhibitor in combination with one more chemotherapeutic agents. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a Trk inhibitor and one or more chemotherapeutic agents.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/953,969, filed Nov. 30, 2015; which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/086,366, filed on Dec. 2, 2014; each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; including anydrawings.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to certain substituted indazolecompounds, which modulate the activity of protein kinases. The compoundsof this disclosure are therefore useful in treating diseases caused byderegulated protein kinase activity. The present disclosure alsoprovides methods for preparing these compounds, pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising these compounds, and methods of treatingdiseases utilizing pharmaceutical compositions comprising thesecompounds.

BACKGROUND

The malfunctioning of protein kinases (PKs) is the hallmark of numerousdiseases. A large share of the oncogenes and proto-oncogenes involved inhuman cancers encode for PKs. The enhanced activities of PKs are alsoimplicated in many non-malignant diseases, such as benign prostatehyperplasia, familial adenomatosis, polyposis, neuro-fibromatosis,psoriasis, vascular smooth cell proliferation associated withatherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis glomerulonephritis andpost-surgical stenosis and restenosis.

PKs are also implicated in inflammatory conditions and in themultiplication of viruses and parasites. PKs may also play a major rolein the pathogenesis and development of neurodegenerative disorders.

For a general reference to PKs malfunctioning or deregulation see, forinstance, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1999, 3:459-465.

Neuroblastoma, a pediatric malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system,is characterized by clinical and biological heterogeneity. Approximatelyone-half of neuroblastoma patients present with advanced-stage disease,and despite intensive multimodality therapy, including myeloablativeregimens, survival for these children is less than 40%. Identificationof tumor targets and advances in target-specific therapies with minimalnon-specific toxicity are needed for this patient population. The Trkfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases is critical for neuronal survivaland differentiation during the development of the nervous system. TheTrk receptors are differentially expressed in human neuroblastoma andlikely play a central role in tumorigenesis and/or cell survival. TrkAis highly expressed by neuroblastomas with favorable biological andclinical features, and expression is associated with patient outcome. Incontrast, TrkB expression is restricted to a malignant subset ofneuroblastomas. Co-expression of TrkB and its ligand, BDNF, in themajority of neuroblastomas, provides a potential autocrine survivalpathway in biologically aggressive, high-risk tumors. Additionally, therecent identification of a constitutively active TrkA splice variant(TrkAIII) that is preferentially expressed in advanced-staged tumorshighlights the complex role of Trk signaling in neuroblastoma biologyand its potential as a therapeutic target.

Neurotrophin signaling through the Trk family of receptor tyrosinekinases (RTKs) plays a critical role in the development, maintenance andfunction of the nervous system. Activation of these receptors regulatescell survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosisduring development. They exert this influence by modulating theresponses of neurons to the neurotrophin family of growth factors in atemporally and spatially regulated manner. The neurotrophins nervegrowth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), andneurotrophin-3 (NT3) are the cognate ligands for TrkA (NTRK1), TrkB(NTRK2), and TrkC (NTRK3), respectively.

Neuroblastoma, a common pediatric tumor of the postganglionicsympathetic nervous system, provides an ideal model for the study of Trksignaling and inhibition in cancer. Neuroblastomas are characterized byclinical heterogeneity, from spontaneous regression in infants torelentless progression in older children. The prognosis for these latterpatients remains poor, with three-year event-free survival (EFS)probabilities of 30-40% (5-7). Indeed, neuroblastomas can be classifiedinto distinct subsets based on genetic alterations and biologic features(8), and the expression of Trk receptors likely contributes to thesedistinct behaviors.

Expression of TrkA in neuroblastoma cell lines has been shown to mediateneuronal differentiation, growth arrest and inhibition of angiogenesisin response to NGF. In contrast, unfavorable neuroblastomas frequentlyexpress TrkB and its ligand BDNF, which together comprise an autocrineor paracrine survival pathway. These tumors typically have grosssegmental chromosomal aberrations including amplification of the MYCNproto-oncogene. The TrkB/BNDF pathway promotes cell survival, protectscells from injury, and blocks chemotherapy-mediated cell death in vitro.Although a number of genes are likely involved in the development andclinical behavior of favorable and unfavorable neuroblastomas, thepattern of Trk gene expression (TrkA versus TrkB) likely plays a role.

Recent literature has also shown that overexpression, activation,amplification and/or mutation of Trk's are associated with many cancersincluding neuroblastoma (Brodeur, G. M., Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3,203-216), ovarian cancer (Davidson. B., et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2003,9, 2248-2259), breast cancer (Kruettgen et al, Brain Pathology 2006, 16:304-310), prostate cancer (Dionne et al, Clin. Cancer Res. 1998, 4(8):1887-1898), pancreatic cancer (Dang et al, Journal of Gastroenterologyand Hepatology 2006, 21(5): 850-858), multiple myeloma (Hu et al, CancerGenetics and Cytogenetics 2007, 178: 1-10), astrocytoma andmedulloblastoma (Kruettgen et al, Brain Pathology 2006, 16: 304-310)glioma (Hansen et al, Journal of Neurochemistry 2007, 103: 259-275),melanoma (Truzzi et al, Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2008,128(8): 2031-2040, thyroid carcinoma (Brzezianska et al,Neuroendocrinology Letters 2007, 28(3), 221-229.), lung adenocarcinoma(Perez-Pinera et al, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2007, 295(1&2),19-26), large cell neuroendocrine tumors (Marchetti et al, HumanMutation 2008, 29(5), 609-616), and colorectal cancer (Bardelli, A.,Science 2003, 300, 949). In preclinical models of cancer, Trk inhibitorsare efficacious in both inhibiting tumor growth and stopping tumormetastasis. In particular, non-selective small molecule inhibitors ofTrk A, B and C and Trk/Fc chimeras were efficacious in both inhibitingtumor growth and stopping tumor metastasis (Nakagawara, A. (2001) CancerLetters 169:107-114; Meyer, J. et al. (2007) Leukemia, 1-10; Pierottia,M. A. and Greco A., (2006) Cancer Letters 232:90-98; Eric Adriaenssens,E. et al. Cancer Res (2008) 68:(2) 346-351) (Truzzi et al, Journal ofInvestigative Dermatology 2008, 128(8): 2031-2040. Therefore, aninhibitor of the Trk family of kinases is expected to have utility inthe treatment of cancer.

Various gene rearrangements of the Trk gene have been implicated inhuman malignancies. For example, the MPRIP-NTRK1 and CD74-NTRK1 generearrangements have been implicated in the development of non-small celllung cancer. Gene rearrangements TPM3-NTRK1, TGF-NTRK1 and TPR-NTRK1have been implicated in the development of papillary thyroid cancer. TheTPM3-NTRK1 gene rearrangement has been implicated in the development ofcolorectal cancer. NTRK1, NTRK2 or NTRK3 gene rearrangements have alsobeen identified in glioblastoma, AML and secretory breast cancer. In2013, Vaishnavi et al. reported novel NTRK1 fusions in 3/91 pan-negativepatients with lung adenocarcinoma using NGS and FISH (Vaishnavi et al.Nat Med. 2013 November; 19(11):1469-72).

SUMMARY

There is a need for improved methods of treating patients that aresuffering with neuroblastomas that demonstrate increased efficacy and/ordecreased toxicity compared to present methods of treating suchpatients. Disclosed herein are methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at leastone different chemotherapeutic agent. Also disclosed herein arepharmaceutical compositions, comprising (1) at least one compoundselected from N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at least one differentchemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the growth of tumors on animals treated with (1) Group 1:control (treated with vehicle alone) (solid line with diamonds); (2)Group 5: a combination of irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, onceper day, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3, and 5) alternating withtreating withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg,twice a day, 7 times per week on weeks 2, 4, and 6) (dotted line withsolid squares; solid bars represent period of dosing withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide on weeks 2, 4 and 6);(3) Group 3: irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5times per week) (solid line with solid circles); (4) Group 2:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide alone (oral, 60 mgper kg, twice per day, 7 times per week) (solid line with triangles);(5) Group 6: N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per weekthroughout the study) plus irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, onceper day, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3 and 5) (dotted line with opensquares); and (6) Group 4: N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per weekthroughout the study), plus irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, onceper day, 5 times per week throughout the study) (solid line with solidsquares).

FIG. 2 shows the percentage of event-free survival (EFS) for animalstreated with (1) control (treated with vehicle) (solid line with solidsquares and labeled as Control); (2) Group 3: a combination ofirinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5 times per week)(solid line with solid triangles); (3) Group 5: a combination ofirinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5 times per weekon weeks 1, 3, and 5) alternating with treating withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg,twice a day, 7 times per week on weeks 2, 4, and 6) (solid line withupside-down triangles); (4) Group 2:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide alone (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day,7 times per week) (solid line with solid diamonds); (5) Group 4:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per weekthroughout the study), irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once perday, 5 times per week throughout the study) (solid line with solidcircles); and (6) Group 6:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (oral, 60mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per week throughout the study),irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5 times per weekon weeks 1, 3 and 5) (dotted line with open squares).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The preparation and use of compoundsN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamideandN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide as inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase are described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,299,057, issued Oct. 30, 2012, the disclosure of whichis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The preparation and use of compound N-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,114,865, issued Feb.14, 2012, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, the method comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at leastone chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments said neuroblastoma istropomyosin-receptor-kinase positive. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the compound administered to the patient incombination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentis N-[5-(3 ,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkA and TrkB. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkA and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkBand Trk C. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, wherein the neuroblastoma is tropomyosin-receptor-kinasepositive, comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, incombination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thecompound administered to the patient in combination with at least onechemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor.In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylating agent. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitorand at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor isirinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is atleast one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, the method comprising: (1) testing one or more cells comprisingthe neuroblastoma in the patient for the presence oftropomyosin-receptor-kinase; and (2) administering to the patient aneffective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combinationwith at least one chemotherapeutic agent if said one or more cells testspositive for tropomyosin-receptor-kinase. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentis N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkA and TrkB. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkA and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkBand Trk C. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinases are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treatingtropomyosin-receptor-kinase positive neuroblastoma in a patient,comprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound selected from N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combinationwith at least one chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor.In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylating agent. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitorand at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor isirinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is atleast one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combinationwith at least one chemotherapeutic agent, and wherein one or more cellscomprising the neuroblastoma is determined to be positive fortropomyosin-receptor-kinase. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the compound administered to the patient in combinationwith at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentis N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase areTrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments are provided such methods, whereinthe at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, comprising (a) acquiring knowledge that one or more cellscomprising the neuroblastoma are tropomyosin-receptor-kinase positive,(b) selecting a compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a treatmentfor the patient, based on the recognition that the compound is effectivein treating the neuroblastoma in the patient; and (c) administering atherapeutically effective amount of least one of the compounds to theneuroblastoma patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeuticagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thecompound administered to the patient in combination with at least onechemotherapeutic agent is N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase areTrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments are provided such methods, whereinthe at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating a cancer patient,comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, and N-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl -piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, wherein the cancer patient is neuroblastoma,and wherein the neuroblastoma is known to be tropomyosin-receptor-kinasepositive prior to the administration. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the compound administered to the patient incombination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thecompound administered to the patient in combination with at least onechemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor.In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylating agent. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitorand at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor isirinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is atleast one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, wherein prior to the treatment the neuroblastoma is known topossess at least one genetic alteration in at least one of NTRK1, NTRK2,and NTRK3, the method comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, incombination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thecompound administered to the patient in combination with at least onechemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentisN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor.In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylating agent. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitorand at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor isirinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is atleast one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, comprising (a) acquiring knowledge of the presence of at leastone genetic alteration in at least one target gene in the neuroblastoma,wherein the at least one target gene is selected from NTRK1, NTRK2, andNTRK3; and (b) administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one compound selected from N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combinationwith at least one chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compoundadministered to the patient in combination with at least onechemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentis N-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one chemotherapeutic agentcomprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor. In some embodimentsare provided such methods, wherein the at least one chemotherapeuticagent comprises at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one chemotherapeutic agentcomprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor and at least onealkylating agent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, whereinthe at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor is irinotecan. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onealkylating agent is temozolomide. In some embodiments are provided suchmethods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one ofTrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB.In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase areTrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments are provided such methods, whereinthe at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, the method comprising administering to the patient atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, and wherein the neuroblastoma is determinedto express at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase. In some embodimentsare provided such methods, wherein the compound administered to thepatient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentis N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combinationwith at least one chemotherapeutic agent, and wherein the neuroblastomais known to express at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase prior tothe administration. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the compound administered to the patient in combination with atleast one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the compound administeredto the patient in combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agentis N-[5-(3 ,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the compound administered to the patientin combination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase areTrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments are provided such methods, whereinthe at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

In any of the foregoing treatment embodiments, the chemotherapeuticagent can be administered simultaneously with the compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, oralternatively the chemotherapeutic agent can be administered before orafter such compound.

In one embodiment, the chemotherapeutic agent and the compound selectedfromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, areadministered on the same day. In another embodiment, thechemotherapeutic agent and the compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof areadministered on alternative days or weeks. In one embodiment thechemotherapeutic agent is administered or not on alternating weeks andthe compound selected from N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered daily or atleast 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days per week. In some embodiments thepatient is treated over a course of at least 1 week, 2, 3, 4, or 5weeks, or 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, or more weeks.

In some embodiments are provided pharmaceutical compositions, comprising(1) at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at least onechemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. In some embodiments are provided such pharmaceuticalcompositions comprisingN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at least onechemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. In some embodiments are provided such pharmaceuticalcompositions wherein the compound isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. In some embodiments are provided suchpharmaceutical compositions wherein the compound isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. In some embodiments are provided suchpharmaceutical compositions, wherein the at least one chemotherapeuticagent comprises at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor. In someembodiments are provided such pharmaceutical compositions wherein saidat least one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomeraseI inhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such pharmaceutical compositions, wherein the at least onetopoisomerase I inhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments areprovided such pharmaceutical compositions, wherein the at least onechemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylating agent. In someembodiments are provided such pharmaceutical compositions, wherein theat least one alkylating agent is temozolomide.

Some embodiments of the pharmaceutical compositions can comprise aphysical admixture of the various ingredients in solid, liquid, orgelcap form. Other embodiments can comprise at least two separatedingredients in a single dosage unit or dosage form, such as, forexample, a two- or three-layer tablet in which at least two activeingredients are located in separate layers or regions of the tablet,optionally separated by a third material, such as, for example, a sugarlayer or other inert barrier to prevent contact between the first twoingredients. In other embodiments, two or more active ingredients areseparately formulated into individual dosage units, which are thenpackaged together for ease of administration. One embodiment comprises apackage containing a plurality of individual dosage units. Thisembodiment may, for example, comprise a blister package. In oneembodiment of a blister package, multiple blister-packed dosage unitsare present on a single sheet, and those units that are to beadministered together are packaged in the same or adjacent blisters ofthe blister pack. Alternatively, any other packaging can be used inwhich two active ingredients are packaged together for concurrent orsequential use.

In some embodiments are provided methods for treating neuroblastoma in apatient, the method comprising administering to said patient atherapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition,comprising (1) at least one compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient, and wherein said neuroblastoma istropomyosin-receptor-kinase positive. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprisesN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprisesN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at leastone chemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (2) at least onechemotherapeutic agent, and (3) at least one pharmaceutically acceptableexcipient. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one alkylatingagent. In some embodiments are provided such methods, wherein the atleast one chemotherapeutic agent comprises at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor and at least one alkylating agent. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor is irinotecan. In some embodiments are provided such methods,wherein the at least one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Insome embodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkA. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkB. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein thetropomyosin-receptor-kinase is TrkC. In some embodiments are providedsuch methods, wherein the at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase areTrkA and Trk B. In some embodiments are provided such methods, whereinthe at least one tropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk C. In someembodiments are provided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkB and Trk C. In some embodiments areprovided such methods, wherein the at least onetropomyosin-receptor-kinase are TrkA and Trk B and TrkC.

As used herein, the terms “comprising” and “including” are used in theiropen, non-limiting sense.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating,” and “treatment” mean (i)preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a subject orpatient which may be predisposed to the condition, such that thetreatment constitutes prophylactic treatment for the pathologiccondition; (ii) modulating or inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e.,arresting its development; (iii) relieving the disease or condition,i.e., causing regression of the disease or condition; or (iv) relievingand/or alleviating the disease or condition or the symptoms resultingfrom the disease or condition. With regard to abnormal cell growth, suchas cancer, these terms simply mean that the life expectancy of a subjector patient affected with abnormal cell growth will be increased or thatone or more of the symptoms of the disease will be reduced. The term“treating”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, means reversing,alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, or preventing the disorder orcondition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of suchdisorder or condition. The term “treatment”, as used herein, unlessotherwise indicated, refers to the act of treating as “treating” isdefined immediately above. The term “treating” also includes adjuvantand neo-adjuvant treatment of a subject or patient.

As used herein, the term “neuroblastoma” means a tumor of thepostganglionic sympathetic nervous system.

As used herein, the term “therapeutically effective amount” means thatamount of the compound or compounds being administered which willrelieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the disorder beingtreated. In reference to the treatment of neuroblastoma, atherapeutically effective amount refers to that amount which has theeffect of (1) reducing the size of a neuroblastoma tumor, (2) inhibiting(that is, slowing to some extent, preferably stopping) neuroblastomatumor metastasis, (3) inhibiting to some extent (that is, slowing tosome extent, preferably stopping) neuroblastoma tumor growth, and/or,(4) relieving to some extent (or, preferably, eliminating) one or moresymptoms associated with the neuroblastoma.

As used herein, the term“N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide” means a compoundhaving the chemical structure

As used herein, the term“N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide” means a compound having the chemical structure

As used herein, the term “N-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide” means a compound having the chemical structure

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means a saltof a compound of the present disclosure that retains the biologicaleffectiveness of the free acids and bases of the specified derivativeand that is not biologically or otherwise undesirable. The term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s),” as used herein, unless otherwiseindicated, includes salts of acidic or basic groups which may be presentin the compounds disclosed herein.

As used herein, the term “chemotherapeutic agent” means a chemical agentthat is used systemically for the treatment of cancer.

As used herein, the term “topoisomerase I inhibitor” means an agent thatinterferes with the action of the topoisomerase I enzyme.

As used herein, the term “irinotecan” means a compound having thechemical name(S)-4,11-diethyl-3,4,12,14-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-3,14-dioxo1H-pyrany[3′4′:6,7]-indolizino[1,2-b]quinolin-9-yl-[1,4′bipiperidine]-1′-carboxylate,and having the Chemical Abstracts registry number 100286-90-6.

As used herein, the term “temozolomide” means a compound having thechemical name4-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,4,6,8-pentazabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-2,7,9-triene-9-carboxamideand having the Chemical Abstracts registry number 85622-93-1.

As used herein, the term “alkylating agent” means agents that arecapable of forming highly reactive intermediate compounds that transferalkyl groups to DNA thereby inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.

As used herein, the term “tropomyosin receptor kinase” means the familyof tropomyosin receptor kinases (Trks) that are activated by peptidehormones of the neurotrophin family and include, but are not limited to,TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC.

As used herein, the term “TrkA” means wild-type tropomyosin receptorkinase A having the UniProt identifier NTRK1_HUMAN.

As used herein, the term “TrkB” means wild-type tropomyosin receptorkinase B having the UniProt identifier NTRK2_HUMAN.

As used herein, the term “TrkC” means wild-type tropomyosin receptorkinase C having the UniProt identifier NTRK3_HUMAN.

As used herein, the term “NTRK1” means the human gene that encodes forTrkA and having the ENSEMBL identifier ENSG00000198400.

As used herein, the term “NTRK2” means the human gene that encodes forTrkB and having the ENSEMBL identifier ENSG00000148053.

As used herein, the term “NTRK3” means the human gene that encodes forTrkC and having the ENSEMBL identifier ENSG00000140538.

As used herein, the term “tropomyosin receptor kinase positive” meansthat one or more cells from a neuroblastoma expresses one or moretropomyosin receptor kinase and/or contains one or more molecularalterations that results in an increase in activity or expression of oneor more tropomyosin receptor kinase in said one or more cells comparedto non-cancerous cells.

As used herein, the term “molecular alteration” means any variation inthe genetic or protein sequence in or more cells of a patient ascompared to the corresponding wild-type genes or proteins. Molecularalterations include, but are not limited to, genetic mutations, geneamplifications, splice variants, deletions, insertions/deletions, generearrangements, single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), insertions, andaberrant RNA/protein expression.

As used herein the terms “combination” and “in combination with” meanthe administration of a compound disclosed herein together with an atleast one additional pharmaceutical or medicinal agent (e.g., ananti-cancer agent), either sequentially or simultaneously. It includesdosing simultaneously, or within minutes or hours of each other, or onthe same day, or on alternating days, or dosing the compound disclosedherein on a daily basis, or multiple days per week, or weekly basis, forexample, while administering another compound such as a chemotherapeuticagent on the same day or alternating days or weeks or on a periodicbasis during a time simultaneous therewith or concurrent therewith, orat least a part of the time during which the compound disclosed hereinis dosed. For example, the compound selected fromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof could be dosed every day orseveral days a week while the chemotherapeutic agent is dosed onalternating days or alternating weeks or other periods of time, such asevery 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or more days.

Some embodiments include any of the methods described herein, wherein atleast one of the compoundsN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, areadministered to a patient or individual having or suffering fromneuroblastoma in an amount ranging from about 200 mg/m2 to about 1600mg/m2, or from about 200 mg/m2 to about 1200 mg/m2, or from about 200mg/m2 to about 1000 mg/m2, or from about 400 mg/m2 to about 1200 mg/m2,or from about 400 mg/m2 to about 1000 mg/m2, or from about 800 mg/m2 toabout 1000 mg/m2, or from about 800 mg/m2 to about 1200 mg/m2, or fromabout 800 mg/m2 to about 1200 mg/m2, or from about 800 mg/m2 to about1600 mg/m2. Some embodiments include any of the methods describedherein, wherein at least one of the compounds described above areadministered to said individual in an amount of about 200 mg/m2, about300 mg/m2, about 400 mg/m2, about 500 mg/m2, about 600 mg/m2, about 700mg/m2, about 800 mg/m2, about 900 mg/m2, about 1000 mg/m2, about 1100mg/m2, about 1200 mg/m2, about 1300 mg/m2, about 1400 mg/m2, about 1500mg/m2, about 1600 mg/m2, about 1700 mg/m2, about 1800 mg/m2, about 1900mg/m2, or about 2000 mg/m2.

Some embodiments include any of the methods described herein, wherein atleast one of the compoundsN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, areadministered to a patient or individual having or suffering fromneuroblastoma in an amount ranging from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 100mg/kg, or from about 0.02 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, or from about 0.05mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, or from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, orfrom about 0.2 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or from about 0.5 mg/kg to about5 mg/kg, or from about 1 mg/kg to about 2 mg/kg.

Some embodiments include any of the methods described herein wherein atleast one of the compoundsN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, areadministered to an individual or patient having neuroblastoma incombination with at least one chemotherapeutic agent. In someembodiments are provided any of the methods described herein wherein theat least one chemotherapeutic agent is at least one topoisomerase Iinhibitor. In some embodiments are provided any of the methods describedherein wherein the least one topoisomerase I inhibitor is irinotecan. Insome embodiments are provided any of the methods described hereinwherein the at least one chemotherapeutic agent is at least onealkylating agent. In some embodiments are provided any of the methodsdescribed herein wherein the at least one alkylating agent istemozolomide.

In some embodiments are provided any of the methods described hereinwherein at least one of the compounds described above is administered toan individual or patient having neuroblastoma in combination with atleast one topoisomerase I inhibitor and at least one alkylating agent.In some embodiments are provided any of the methods described hereinwherein the at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor is irinotecan. Insome embodiments are provided any of the methods described herein the atleast one alkylating agent is temozolomide. In some embodiments areprovided any of the methods described herein wherein the at least onetopoisomerase I inhibitor is irinotecan and the at least one alkylatingagent is temozolomide.

Topoisomerase I inhibitors that may be used according to any of themethods disclosed herein include those known to those of ordinary skillin the art, including, but not limited to, irinotecan, topotecan,camptothecin and lamellarin D. Those of ordinary skill in the art willunderstand that with respect to topoisomersase I inhibitors that may beused according to any of the methods disclosed herein, the particularpharmaceutical formulation, the dosage, and the number of doses givenper day to a mammal requiring such treatment, are all choices within theknowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art and can be determinedwithout undue experimentation. For example, the appropriate dose of atopoisomerase I inhibitor given to an individual or patient according toany of the methods disclosed herein may be determined by reference tothe FDA-approved labeling for any FDA-approved topoisomerase Iinhibitor, such as irinotecan and topotecan.

Alkylating agents that may be used according to any of the methodsdisclosed herein include those known to those of ordinary skill in theart, including, but not limited to, nitrogen mustards such asmechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide,ifosfamide, and melphalan; nitrosoureas such as streptozocin, carmustine(BCNU), and lomustine; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan; triazines suchas dacarbazine (DTIC) and temozolomide; and ethylenimines such asthiotepa and altretamine (hexamethylmelamine). Those of ordinary skillin the art will understand that with respect to alkylating agents thatmay be used according to any of the methods disclosed herein, theparticular pharmaceutical formulation, the dosage, and the number ofdoses given per day to a mammal requiring such treatment, are allchoices within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art and canbe determined without undue experimentation. For example, theappropriate dose of an alkylating agent given to an individual orpatient according to any of the methods disclosed herein may bedetermined by reference to the FDA-approved labeling for anyFDA-approved alkylating agent, such as mechlorethamine, chlorambucil,cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, streptozocin, carmustine,lomustine, busulfan, dacarbazine, temozolomide, thiotepa, andaltretamine.

The at least one chemotherapeutic agents may be administered to apatient in need thereof in an amount and in a dosing regimen known tothose of ordinary skill in the art (for example, see J. ClinicalOncology, vol. 24, number 33, pp. 5271 to 5276 (2006). For example,patients with refractory or relapsed neuroblastoma may receive one ormore 5-day courses of irinotecan at a dose of about 50 mg per meterssquared per day infused intravenously over one hour (resulting in a doseof about 250 mg per meters squared per course) plus temozolomide in adose of about 150 mg meters squared per day (resulting in a dose ofabout 750 mg per meters squared per course) taken orally. Such treatmentcourses may be started about every 3 to 4 weeks when the pretreatmentplatelet counts of the patients are, for example, more than about 30,000per microliter (untransfused). Patients may also be treated withgranulocyte colony-stimulating factor when the absolute neutrophil countdecreased to less than 1,000 per microliter. Patients may also be dosedwith a compound such as loperamide if they experience diarrhea.

Disease status of patients may be assessed by computed tomography (CT;or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)), [123Iodine]metaiodobenzylguanidine scan, urine catecholamines, and bilateral BMbiopsies and aspirates. These tests may generally be carried out afterevery two to three courses of treatment. The International NeuroblastomaResponse Criteria (INRC) may be used to determine the effect oftreatment on patients: complete response (CR), no evidence ofneuroblastoma; very good partial response, volume of primary massreduced by more than 90%, no evidence of distant neuroblastoma(including normal metaiodobenzylguanidine scans) except for skeletalresidua, catecholamines normal; partial response (PR), more than 50%decrease in measurable disease and ≤1 positive neuroblastoma site; mixedresponse, more than 50% decrease of any lesion with less than 50%decrease in any other; no response, less than 50% decrease but less than25% increase in any lesion; and progressive disease (PD), new lesion ormore than 25% increase in an existing lesion.

In some embodiments are provided any of the methods disclosed hereinwherein an individual or patient having or suffering from neuroblastomais tested to determine whether one or more cells comprising theneuroblastoma contain at least one relevant molecular alteration. Suchrelevant molecular alterations include, but are not limited to,molecular alterations with respect to Trk. Such molecular alterations toTrk can include, but are not limited to, molecular alterations involvingone or more of TrkA, TrkB, TrkC proteins, NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genesor gene products. Such molecular alterations may include, but are notlimited to, genetic mutations, gene amplifications, splice variants,deletions, insertions/deletions, gene rearrangements, single-nucleotidevariations (SNVs), insertions, and aberrant RNA/protein expression.

Transcript accumulation levels, genomic locus screening methods, andprotein kinase activity assays for at least one of TrkA, TrkB, TrkC maybe performed using methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.For example, kinase assays may be performed by providing a substrate toa protein extract comprising at least one of TrkA, TrkB, TrkC. Further,TrkA, TrkB, or TrkC locus sequencing may be performed using, forexample, whole genome shotgun sequencing, or targeted sequencing orre-sequencing of the TrkA, TrkB, or TrkC locus, for example throughtargeted amplification of the locus or a region spanning the locuswholly or in part, using PCR techniques known to one of ordinary skillin the art and primers generated through means known to one of ordinaryskill in the art, followed by sequencing of any generated amplicons.Molecular alterations may also be detected by those of ordinary skill inthe art using one or more of next generation sequencing (NGS),quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction DNAamplification reactions (qPCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH), and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC).

A DNA-based test may be used by one of ordinary skill in the art todetect molecular alterations such as copy number variations,single-nucleotide variations, insertions, deletions, and generearrangements. An RNA-based test may be used by one of ordinary skillin the art to detect the same variations described for DNA andadditionally, over expression, under expression (up to and includingcomplete loss of expression) or misexpression of at least one of TrkA,TrkB, or TrkC. Protein-based tests may be used by one of ordinary skillin the art to measure the over expression, under expression (through andincluding complete loss of expression), misexpression, constitutivephosphorylation, constitutive dephosphorylation, misphosphorylation,increase, decrease (through and including complete loss) or alteredactivity pattern of at least one of TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC.

Some embodiments relate to the use of any of the compounds as describedherein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in themanufacture of a medicament for the treatment of abnormal cell growth ina mammal. The present disclosure further relates to the use of any ofthe compounds as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment ofabnormal cell growth in a mammal wherein the abnormal cell growth iscancerous or non-cancerous. In some embodiments, the abnormal cellgrowth is cancerous. In another embodiment, the abnormal cell growth isnon-cancerous.

Some embodiments relate to any of the compounds described herein, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for use as a medicament. Someembodiments relate to the use of any of the compounds described above,or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, for the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of abnormal cell growth.

As used herein “cancer” refers to any malignant and/or invasive growthor tumor caused by abnormal cell growth. As used herein “cancer” refersto solid tumors named for the type of cells that form them, cancer ofblood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. Examples of solid tumorsinclude but are not limited to sarcomas and carcinomas. Examples ofcancers of the blood include but are not limited to leukemias, lymphomasand myeloma. The term “cancer” includes but is not limited to a primarycancer that originates at a specific site in the body, a metastaticcancer that has spread from the place in which it started to other partsof the body, a recurrence from the original primary cancer afterremission, and a second primary cancer that is a new primary cancer in aperson with a history of previous cancer of different type from latterone.

Some embodiments relate to compositions comprising a compound selectedfromN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,pharmaceutical compositions). Accordingly, in some embodiments, thedisclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compoundselected from N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and, optionally, at least one additional medicinal orpharmaceutical agent. In some embodiments, the at least one additionalmedicinal or pharmaceutical agent is an anti-cancer agent as describedbelow. In some embodiments, the compound isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof In some embodiments, thecompound is N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the compound isN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, thecompound is at least two of N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, andN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may comprise a conventionalpharmaceutical carrier or excipient. Suitable pharmaceutical carriersinclude inert diluents or fillers, water and various organic solvents(such as hydrates and solvates). The pharmaceutical compositions may, ifdesired, contain additional ingredients such as flavorings, binders,excipients and the like. Thus for oral administration, tabletscontaining various excipients, such as citric acid may be employedtogether with various disintegrants such as starch, alginic acid andcertain complex silicates and with binding agents such as sucrose,gelatin and acacia. Additionally, lubricating agents such as magnesiumstearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often useful for tabletingpurposes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed insoft and hard filled gelatin capsules. Non-limiting examples ofmaterials, therefore, include lactose or milk sugar and high molecularweight polyethylene glycols. When aqueous suspensions or elixirs aredesired for oral administration the active compound therein may becombined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring mattersor dyes and, if desired, emulsifying agents or suspending agents,together with diluents such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol,glycerin, or combinations thereof.

The pharmaceutical composition may, for example, be in a form suitablefor oral administration as a tablet, capsule, pill, powder, sustainedrelease formulations, solution suspension, for parenteral injection as asterile solution, suspension or emulsion, for topical administration asan ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository.

Exemplary parenteral administration forms include solutions orsuspensions of active compounds in sterile aqueous solutions, forexample, aqueous propylene glycol or dextrose solutions. Such dosageforms may be suitably buffered, if desired.

The pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable forsingle administration of precise dosages.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound as disclosed herein and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The compounds of the present disclosure may be formulated intopharmaceutical compositions as described below in any pharmaceuticalform recognizable to the skilled artisan as being suitable.Pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure comprise a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound disclosed herein and an inert,pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

To treat or prevent diseases or conditions mediated by ALK, ROS1, TrkA,TrkB, or TrkC, or a combination thereof, a pharmaceutical composition ofthe disclosure is administered in a suitable formulation prepared bycombining a therapeutically effective amount (i.e., a ALK, ROS1, TrkA,TrkB, or TrkC modulating, regulating, or inhibiting amount effective toachieve therapeutic efficacy) of at least one compound of the presentdisclosure (as an active ingredient) with one or more pharmaceuticallysuitable carriers, which may be selected, for example, from diluents,excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the activecompounds into the final pharmaceutical preparations.

The pharmaceutical carriers employed may be either solid or liquid.Exemplary solid carriers are lactose, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar,pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the like. Exemplaryliquid carriers are syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, water and the like.Similarly, the inventive compositions may include time-delay ortime-release material known in the art, such as glyceryl monostearate orglyceryl distearate alone or with a wax, ethylcellulose,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylmethacrylate or the like. Furtheradditives or excipients may be added to achieve the desired formulationproperties. For example, a bioavailability enhancer, such as Labrasol,Gelucire or the like, or formulator, such as CMC(carboxy-methylcellulose), PG (propyleneglycol), or PEG(polyethyleneglycol), may be added. Gelucire®, a semi-solid vehicle thatprotects active ingredients from light, moisture and oxidation, may beadded, e.g., when preparing a capsule formulation.

If a solid carrier is used, the preparation can be tableted, placed in ahard gelatin capsule in powder or pellet form, or formed into a trocheor lozenge. The amount of solid carrier may vary, but generally will befrom about 25 mg to about 1 g. If a liquid carrier is used, thepreparation may be in the form of syrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule,sterile injectable solution or suspension in an ampoule or vial ornon-aqueous liquid suspension. If a semi-solid carrier is used, thepreparation may be in the form of hard and soft gelatin capsuleformulations. The inventive compositions are prepared in unit-dosageform appropriate for the mode of administration, e.g. parenteral or oraladministration.

To obtain a stable water-soluble dose form, a salt of a compound of thepresent disclosure may be dissolved in an aqueous solution of an organicor inorganic acid, such as a 0.3 M solution of succinic acid or citricacid. If a soluble salt form is not available, the agent may bedissolved in a suitable co-solvent or combinations of co-solvents.Examples of suitable co-solvents include alcohol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol 300, polysorbate 80, glycerin and the like inconcentrations ranging from 0 to 60% of the total volume. In anexemplary embodiment, a compound of the present disclosure is dissolvedin DMSO and diluted with water. The composition may also be in the formof a solution of a salt form of the active ingredient in an appropriateaqueous vehicle such as water or isotonic saline or dextrose solution.

Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administrationselected. For injection, the agents of the compounds of the presentdisclosure may be formulated into aqueous solutions, preferably inphysiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks solution, Ringer'ssolution, or physiological saline buffer. For transmucosaladministration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeatedare used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in theart.

For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated by combiningthe active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers known inthe art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the disclosure to beformulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups,slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral ingestion by a subject tobe treated. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtainedusing a solid excipient in admixture with the active ingredient (agent),optionally grinding the resulting mixture, and processing the mixture ofgranules after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtaintablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients include: fillers such assugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; and cellulosepreparations, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch,potato starch, gelatin, gum, methyl cellulose,hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, orpolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If desired, disintegrating agents may beadded, such as crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acidor a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.

Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose,concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally containgum arabic, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol,and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organicsolvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to thetablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterizedifferent combinations of active agents.

Pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include push-fitcapsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made ofgelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fitcapsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with fillerssuch as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such astalc or magnesium stearate, and, optionally, stabilizers. In softcapsules, the active agents may be dissolved or suspended in suitableliquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethyleneglycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. All formulations fororal administration should be in dosages suitable for suchadministration. For buccal administration, the compositions may take theform of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.

For administration intranasally or by inhalation, the compounds for useaccording to the present disclosure may be conveniently delivered in theform of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or anebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g.,dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In thecase of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined byproviding a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridgesof gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator and the like may beformulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powderbase such as lactose or starch.

The compounds may be formulated for parenteral administration byinjection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulationsfor injection may be presented in unit-dosage form, e.g., in ampoules orin multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositionsmay take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily oraqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending,stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.

Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration includeaqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form.Additionally, suspensions of the active agents may be prepared asappropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents orvehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acidesters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueousinjection suspensions may contain substances that increase the viscosityof the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, ordextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitablestabilizers or agents that increase the solubility of the compounds toallow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.

Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form forconstitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile pyrogen-free water,before use.

In addition to the formulations described above, the compounds of thepresent disclosure may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Suchlong-acting formulations may be administered by implantation (forexample, subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscularinjection. Thus, for example, the compounds may be formulated withsuitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsionin an acceptable oil) or ion-exchange resins, or as sparingly solublederivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt. A pharmaceuticalcarrier for hydrophobic compounds is a co-solvent system comprisingbenzyl alcohol, a non-polar surfactant, a water-miscible organicpolymer, and an aqueous phase. The co-solvent system may be a VPDco-solvent system. VPD is a solution of 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v ofthe non-polar surfactant polysorbate 80, and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol300, made up to volume in absolute ethanol. The VPD co-solvent system(VPD: 5 W) contains VPD diluted 1:1 with a 5% dextrose in watersolution. This co-solvent system dissolves hydrophobic compounds well,and itself produces low toxicity upon systemic administration. Theproportions of a co-solvent system may be suitably varied withoutdestroying its solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, theidentity of the co-solvent components may be varied: for example, otherlow-toxicity non-polar surfactants may be used instead of polysorbate80; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; otherbiocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may be substituted fordextrose.

Alternatively, other delivery systems for hydrophobic pharmaceuticalcompounds may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are known examples ofdelivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drugs. Certain organicsolvents such as dimethylsulfoxide also may be employed, althoughusually at the cost of greater toxicity due to the toxic nature of DMSO.Additionally, the compounds may be delivered using a sustained-releasesystem, such as semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymerscontaining the therapeutic agent. Various sustained-release materialshave been established and are known by those skilled in the art.Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature,release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days. Depending onthe chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeuticreagent, additional strategies for protein stabilization may beemployed.

The pharmaceutical compositions also may comprise suitable solid- orgel-phase carriers or excipients. These carriers and excipients mayprovide marked improvement in the bioavailability of poorly solubledrugs. Examples of such carriers or excipients include calciumcarbonate, calcium phosphate, sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives,gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols. Furthermore,additives or excipients such as Gelucire®, Capryol®, Labrafil®,Labrasol®, Lauroglycol®, Plurol®, Peceol®, Transcutol® and the like maybe used.

Further, the pharmaceutical composition may be incorporated into a skinpatch for delivery of the drug directly onto the skin.

It will be appreciated that the actual dosages of the agents of thisdisclosure will vary according to the particular agent being used, theparticular composition formulated, the mode of administration, and theparticular site, host, and disease being treated. Those skilled in theart using conventional dosage-determination tests in view of theexperimental data for a given compound may ascertain optimal dosages fora given set of conditions. For oral administration, an exemplary dailydose generally employed will be from about 0.001 to about 1000 mg/kg ofbody weight, with courses of treatment repeated at appropriateintervals.

Furthermore, the pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of the presentdisclosure may contain a compound or compounds of the presentdisclosure, or a salt or solvate thereof, in an amount of about 10 mg toabout 2000 mg, or from about 10 mg to about 1500 mg, or from about 10 mgto about 1000 mg, or from about 10 mg to about 750 mg, or from about 10mg to about 500 mg, or from about 25 mg to about 500 mg, or from about50 to about 500 mg, or from about 100 mg to about 500 mg. Furthermore,the pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of the present disclosuremay contain a compound of the present disclosure, or a salt or solvatethereof, in an amount of about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about200 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, about 400 mg, about450 mg, or about 500 mg.

Additionally, the pharmaceutically acceptable formulations of thepresent disclosure may contain a compound of the present disclosure, ora salt or solvate thereof, in an amount from about 0.5 w/w % to about 95w/w %, or from about 1 w/w % to about 95 w/w %, or from about 1 w/w % toabout 75 w/w %, or from about 5 w/w % to about 75 w/w %, or from about10 w/w % to about 75 w/w %, or from about 10 w/w % to about 50 w/w %.

The compounds disclosed herein, or salts or solvates thereof, may beadministered to a mammal suffering from abnormal cell growth, such as ahuman, either alone or as part of a pharmaceutically acceptableformulation, once a week, once a day, twice a day, three times a day, orfour times a day, or even more frequently.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that with respect tothe compounds of the present disclosure, the particular pharmaceuticalformulation, the dosage, and the number of doses given per day to amammal requiring such treatment, are all choices within the knowledge ofone of ordinary skill in the art and can be determined without undueexperimentation.

Administration of the compounds disclosed herein may be effected by anymethod that enables delivery of the compounds to the site of action.These methods include oral routes, intraduodenal routes, parenteralinjection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular,intravascular or infusion), topical, and rectal administration. Bolusdoses can be used, or infusions over a period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15,20, 30, 60, 90, 120 or more minutes, or any intermediate time period canalso be used, as can infusions lasting 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 1416, 20, 24 or more hours or lasting for 1-7 days or more. Infusions canbe administered by drip, continuous infusion, infusion pump, meteringpump, depot formulation, or any other suitable means.

Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum desired response.For example, a single bolus may be administered, several divided dosesmay be administered over time or the dose may be proportionally reducedor increased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeuticsituation. It is especially advantageous to formulate parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form, as used herein, refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the mammaliansubjects to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity ofactive compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the disclosure are dictated by and directlydependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the chemotherapeuticagent and the particular therapeutic or prophylactic effect to beachieved, and (b) the limitations inherent in the art of compoundingsuch an active compound for the treatment of sensitivity in individuals.

Thus, the skilled artisan would appreciate, based upon the disclosureprovided herein, that the dose and dosing regimen is adjusted inaccordance with methods well-known in the therapeutic arts. That is, themaximum tolerable dose can be readily established, and the effectiveamount providing a detectable therapeutic benefit to a patient may alsobe determined, as can the temporal requirements for administering eachagent to provide a detectable therapeutic benefit to the patient.Accordingly, while certain dose and administration regimens areexemplified herein, these examples in no way limit the dose andadministration regimen that may be provided to a patient in practicingthe present disclosure.

It is to be noted that dosage values may vary with the type and severityof the condition to be alleviated, and may include single or multipledoses. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject,specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to theindividual need and the professional judgment of the personadministering or supervising the administration of the compositions, andthat dosage ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are notintended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition. Forexample, doses may be adjusted based on pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic parameters, which may include clinical effects such astoxic effects and/or laboratory values. Thus, the present disclosureencompasses intra-patient dose-escalation as determined by the skilledartisan. Determining appropriate dosages and regimens for administrationof the chemotherapeutic agent are well-known in the relevant art andwould be understood to be encompassed by the skilled artisan onceprovided the teachings disclosed herein.

Preparation of formulation and dosage forms comprisingN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide.

Hard gelatin capsules comprising 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide were prepared as follows.

The required amounts of active ingredient and excipients are weighedinto the warehouse dispensing area. The weight ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide and the mannitol are adjusted according to the active desiredpotency of the dosage form. (1) Manually pre-mixN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide and colloidal silicon dioxide into a polyethylene (PE) bag.(2) The resulting mixture from step 1 is passed through a 0.500 mmscreen size sieve, along with a portion of the pregelatinized starch andmannitol and the resulting materials are collected in a blender. (3) Theresulting mixture from step 2 is further mixed for about 20 minutes at20-25 rpm. (4) The pregelatinized starch and magnesium stearate and arepre-mixed together and are passed through a 0.500 mm screen size sieve.(5) The material from step 4 are mixed together with the materials fromstep 3 and mixed for about 20 minutes at 20-25 rpm. (6) The blendresulting from step 5 is filled into hard gelatin capsules using anautomatic capsule filling machine. Representative formulations ofcapsules comprising 50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide are shown below.

50 mg capsule representative batch formulation Batch formula Amount 50mg per capsule Components Function (6,000 capsules) 50 mgN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)- Active   300 g   50 mg 1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-ingredient methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2- (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4- ylamino)benzamide Mannitol Filler 255.00 g 42.50 mg Pregelatinized starch Filler102.75 g 17.125 mg  Colloidal silicon dioxide Glidant  10.50 g 1.750 mgMagnesium stearate Lubricant  6.75 g 1.125 mg Total 675.00 g 112.50 mg

100 mg capsule representative batch formulation Batch formula Amount 100mg per capsule Components Function (3,600 capsules) 100 mgN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)- Active  360.0 g 100.00 mg1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4- ingredient methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4- ylamino) benzamide Mannitol Filler 306.00 g 85.00 mg Pregelatinized starch Filler 123.30 g  34.25 mg Colloidalsilicon dioxide Glidant  12.60 g  3.50 mg Magnesium stearate Lubricant 8.10 g  2.25 mg Total 810.00 g 225.00 mg

200 mg capsule representative batch formulation Batch formula Amount 200mg per capsule Components Function (4,100 capsules) 200 mgN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)- Active 820.00 g 200.00 mg1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4- ingredient methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4- ylamino) benzamide Mannitol Filler 697.00 g170.00 mg Pregelatinized starch Filler 280.85 g  68.50 mg Colloidalsilicon dioxide Glidant  28.70 g  7.00 mg Magnesium stearate Lubricant 18.45 g  4.50 mg Total 1845.00 g  450.00 mg

Representative formulations of capsules comprising 50 mg, 100 mg or 200mg ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide orN-[5-(3,5-difluoro-benzenesulfonyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-2-((R)-2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethylamino)-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl) benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of either ofthem, may be prepared by one having ordinary skill in the art accordingto the methods and procedures described above.

Addition ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide to a combination of temozolomide and irinotecan in models ofneuroblastoma (NB)

NB is one of the most common and deadly solid tumors of childhood. TheTrk family of neurotrophin receptors plays an important role in clinicalbehavior of NBs. Overexpression of TrkB and its ligand brain-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with poor prognosis.

N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide_was dissolved in DMSO to obtain stocks for in vitro studies.For in vivo xenograft experiments,N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide was reconstituted in 0.5% methyl cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich,viscosity 400cP, 2% in H₂O) containing 1% Tween 80 at a final dosingvolume of 10 mL per kg. Prior to dosing, the formulation was stirred atroom temperature for 30 min, and then sonicated in a water bathsonicator for 20 min. The formulation was made fresh every week. For thein vivo study, the animals were dosed with the formulation ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide twice a day (BID) for 7 days per week at a dose of 60 mg perkg.

Temozolomide (Temodar, Teva, 20 mg per capsule) was reconstituted in asaline solution at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. For the in vivo study,animals were dosed orally with the formulation comprising temozolomideonce per day at a dose of 7.5 mg per kg Monday through Friday of eachweek (except for the groups that received the compound every otherweek). Irinotecan (Camptosar, Novaplus, 20 mg per mL) was diluted in asaline solution and animals were dosed orally at a dose of 0.63 mg perkg Monday through Friday of each week.

Xenograft studies were performed using SH-SY5Y cells stably transfectedwith TrkB. Cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetalbovine serum and maintained in 150 cm³ Costar culture flasks in ahumidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO₂. Cells were harvested using0.2% tetra sodium EDTA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

Six-week-old athymic nu/nu mice were obtained from Jackson Laboratories.Mice were maintained at five per cage under humidity- andtemperature-controlled conditions in a light/dark cycle that was set at12-hour intervals. The Institutional Animal Care Committee of the JosephStokes, Jr. Research Institute at CHOP approved the animal studiesdescribed herein.

In Vitro Experiments

Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assays were performed to determine the effect ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol -3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide as a singleagent and in combination with irinotecan and temozolomide on thesurvival and growth of the TrkB-expressing neuroblastoma cells. 5×10³cells per well were plated in 96 well plates and exposed to drug atdifferent concentrations (1 nM, 5 nM, 10 nM, 20 nM, 30 nM, 50 nM and 100nM of N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, 1.5 μM irinotecan and 50 μM temozolomide, respectively) forone hour followed by addition of 100 ng per mL of brain-derivedneurotrophic factor (BDNF). Cells from the plates were harvested at 24hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours following addition of compound. The plateswere processed via standard sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay protocols knownto those of ordinary skill in the art (for example, see Vichai et al.,Nature Protocols 1, pp. 1112-1116 (2006)). All in vitro experiments wereperformed in triplicate and repeated at least three times.

The use ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide as a single agentsignificantly inhibited growth of TrkB-expressing NB cells in vitro. Theuse of N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide in combination with irinotecan and temozolomide demonstratedenhanced inhibition of the growth of TrkB-expressing NB cells in vitro.

In Vivo Experiments

For in vivo xenograft studies, six-week-old athymic nu/nu mice wereinjected subcutaneously in the flank with 1×10⁷ SY5Y-TrkB cells in 0.1ml of Matrigel (BD Bioscience, Palo Alto, Calif.). Tumors were measured2 times per week in 3 dimensions, and the volume calculated as follows:[(0.523×L×W×W)/1000]. Body weights of the mice were obtained every weekand the dose of the tested compounds were adjusted accordingly.Treatment withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide, irinotecan and temozolmide was startedabout 15-17 days after tumor inoculation when the average tumor size wasabout 0.2 cm³. Mice were sacrificed when tumor volume reached about 3cm³. Tumors were harvested and flash frozen on dry ice for analysis ofprotein expression using Western blot analysis that was performed usingmethods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Plasma samples wereobtained from the animals at various time points post-dosing for thepurpose of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses.

Animals were treated with one of 6 different treatment regimens:

(1) control (treated with vehicle alone);

(2) a combination of irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once perday, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3, and 5) alternating with treatmentwithN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice a day, 7 times per week on weeks 2,4, and 6);

(3) irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5 times perweek);

(4)N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide alone (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day,7 times per week);

(5)N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7times per week throughout the study) plus irinotecan and temozolomide(both oral, once per day, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3 and 5); and

(6)N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7times per week throughout the study), plus irinotecan and temozolomide(both oral, once per day, 5 times per week throughout the study).

A linear mixed effects model was used to test the difference in the rateof tumor volume changing over time between different treatment groups.The model included group, day, and group-by-day interaction as fixedeffects, and included a random intercept and a random slope for eachtest animal (mouse). A significant group-by-day interaction wouldsuggest that the tumor volume changes at different rates for the twocomparison groups. The model used the control group as the referencegroup and created separate group indicators and interaction terms forother groups. Appropriate contrast statements were created to comparethe two groups other than control group (e.g. group 2 that was treatedwithN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide alone versus Group 4 that was treated withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide plus irinotecan and temozolomide).

The tumor growth in the study animals did not appear to be linear in thestudies and became approximately linear after log transformation. So wefirst log transformed the data and then applied linear mixed effectsmodel described above.

For the studies, the results are reflective of the on-treatment periodas there was too little data for with respect to the off-treatmentperiod.

Single agent therapy withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition compared tocontrol animals [p<0.0001 for event-free survival (EFS)]. The additionof N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide to a combination ofirinotecan and temozolomide also significantly improved the EFS oftreated animals compared to animals treated with vehicle (control) or acombination of irinotecan and temozolomide withoutN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (p<0.0001 for combination vs. vehicle(control); p=0.0012 for combination ofN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide withirinotecan and temozolomide vs. temozolomide and irinotecan withoutN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide).

FIG. 1 shows the growth of tumors on animals treated with:

(1) Group 1: control (treated with vehicle alone) (solid line withdiamonds);

(2) Group 5: a combination of irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral,once per day, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3, and 5) alternating withtreating with N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice a day, 7 times per week on weeks 2,4, and 6) (dotted line with solid squares; solid bars represent periodof dosing with N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide on weeks 2, 4 and 6);

(3) Group 3: irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5times per week) (solid line with solid circles);

(4) Group 2:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide alone (oral, 60 mg per kg,twice per day, 7 times per week) (solid line with triangles);

(5) Group 6:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino) benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twiceper day, 7 times per week throughout the study) plus irinotecan andtemozolomide (both oral, once per day, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3and 5) (dotted line with open squares); and

(6) Group 4:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per weekthroughout the study), plus irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, onceper day, 5 times per week throughout the study) (solid line with solidsquares).

FIG. 2 shows the percentage of event-free survival (EFS) for animalstreated with:

(1) Control: control (treated with vehicle) (solid line with solidsquares and labeled as Control);

(2) Group 3: a combination of irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral,once per day, 5 times per week) (solid line with solid triangles);

(3) Group 5: a combination of irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral,once per day, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3, and 5) alternating withtreating with N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice a day, 7 times per week on weeks 2,4, and 6) (solid line with upside-down triangles);

(4) Group 2:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide alone (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per week)(solid line with solid diamonds);

(5) Group 4:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per weekthroughout the study), irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once perday, 5 times per week throughout the study) (solid line with solidcircles); and

(6) Group 6:N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide (oral, 60 mg per kg, twice per day, 7 times per weekthroughout the study), irinotecan and temozolomide (both oral, once perday, 5 times per week on weeks 1, 3 and 5) (dotted line with opensquares).

Event free survival (EFS) curves were estimated using Kaplan-Meiermethod and compared using log-rank test. Event includes death andsacrifice mice due to tumor burden. Estimated slopes from linear mixedeffects model:

Group Control Group 2 slope 0.1891 0.0973

P values for comparisons of slopes between two groups: <0.0001

The results suggest that the tumor volume increases on average 0.1891per day in the log of tumor volume for the control group, increases onaverage 0.0973 per day in the log of tumor volume for the Group 2(treatment withN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide alone), and the difference in the change rate of log tumorvolume between control and Group 2 is significant (p<0.0001). See FIG.3.

The data from which the curves in FIG. 1 were derived was logtransformed before fitting the model.

The estimated slopes of each trace in FIG. 1 using the linear mixedeffects model were:

Group Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Slope 0.13230.0696 0.1192 0.0505 0.0952 0.0650

The P values for comparisons of slopes of each trace in FIG. 1 were asfollows:

Comparison Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 2 0.0015 Group3 0.0055 Group 4 0.2527 Group 5 0.1263 0.1643 0.0059 Group 6 0.77870.3696

For example, the results suggest that the tumor volume increases onaverage 0.1323 per day in the log of tumor volume for Group 1 (control),and increases on average 0.0696 per day in the log of tumor volume forGroup 2. The difference in the change rate of log tumor volume betweenGroup 1 and Group 2 is significant (p=0.0015).

For the EFS traces found in FIG. 2, the p values from a log-rank testwere as follows:

Comparison Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 2 0.0001 Group3 0.0206 0.0209 0.0012 Group 4 <0.0001 0.4816 0.0012 Group 5 0.00300.0097 0.5344 0.0002 Group 6 <0.0001 0.1924 0.0003 0.5753 <0.0001

All numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification are to be understood as beingmodified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unlessindicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth herein areapproximations that may vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limitthe application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of anyclaims in any application claiming priority to the present application,each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number ofsignificant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

The above description discloses several methods and materials of thepresent disclosure. This disclosure is susceptible to modifications inthe methods and materials, as well as alterations in the fabricationmethods and equipment. Such modifications will become apparent to thoseskilled in the art from a consideration of this disclosure or practiceof the disclosure disclosed herein. Consequently, it is not intendedthat this disclosure be limited to the specific embodiments disclosedherein, but that it cover all modifications and alternatives comingwithin the true scope and spirit of the disclosure.

All references cited herein, including but not limited to published andunpublished applications, patents, and literature references, areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are hereby made apart of this specification. To the extent publications and patents orpatent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosurecontained in the specification, the specification is intended tosupersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.

1. A method for treating neuroblastoma in a patient, the methodcomprising administering to said patient a therapeutically effectiveamount of N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combinationwith at least one topoisomerase I inhibitor and at least one alkylatingagent, and wherein said neuroblastoma is tropomyosin-receptor-kinasepositive prior to the administration of said N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to saidpatient, and said N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isadministered to said patient at least once per day. 2.-20. (canceled)21. The method according to claim 1, wherein said tropomyosin-receptorkinase is selected from TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC.
 22. The method accordingto claim 1, wherein said tropomyosin-receptor kinase is TrkA.
 23. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein said tropomyosin-receptor kinase isTrkB.
 24. The method according to claim 1, wherein saidtropomyosin-receptor kinase is TrkC.
 25. The method according to claim1, wherein said tropomyosin-receptor-kinase is at least two of TrkA,TrkB, and TrkC.
 26. The method according to claim 1, wherein saidtopoisomerase I inhibitor is selected from irinotecan, topotecan,camptothecin and lamellarin D.
 27. The method according to claim 1,wherein said alkylating agent is selected from nitrogen mustards,nitrosoureas, alkyl sulfonates, triazines, and ethylenimines.
 28. Themethod according to claim 27, wherein said nitrogen mustards comprisemechlorethamine, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, andmelphalan.
 29. The method according to claim 27, wherein saidnitrosoureas comprise streptozocin, carmustine, and lomustine.
 30. Themethod according to claim 27, wherein said alkyl sulfonates comprisebusulfan.
 31. The method according to claim 27, wherein said triazinescomprise dacarbazine and temozolomide.
 32. The method according to claim27, wherein said ethylenimines comprise thiotepa and altretamine. 33.The method according to claim 1, wherein saidN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isadministered to said patient once per day.
 34. The method according toclaim 1, wherein saidN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isadministered to said patient twice per day.
 35. A method for treatingneuroblastoma in a patient, wherein said neuroblastoma is known tocomprise one or more cells that are tropomyosin-receptor-kinasepositive, comprising (a) selecting a compound which isN-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a treatmentfor the patient, based on the recognition that said compound iseffective in treating said neuroblastoma in said patient; and (b)administering a therapeutically effective amount of said compound withat least one topoisomerase I inhibitor and at least one alkylating agentto said neuroblastoma patient, wherein said compound is administered tosaid patient at least once per day.
 36. The method according to claim35, wherein said topoisomerase I inhibitor is selected from irinotecan,topotecan, camptothecin and lamellarin D.
 37. The method according toclaim 35, wherein said alkylating agent is selected from nitrogenmustards, nitrosoureas, alkyl sulfonates, triazines, and ethylenimines.38. The method according to claim 35, wherein said tropomyosin-receptorkinase is selected from TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC.
 39. The method accordingto claim 35, wherein said N-[5-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]-4-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino)benzamide, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isadministered to said patient once or twice per day.